This study, aimed to determine the Scarabaeidae fauna of Kazan hills, which is an important nature protection area, located between Kazan and Çubuk districts of Ankara province. Samples caught in pitfall traps set at different times in six different areas were examined. Among the traps, 50 species and subspecies level taxa belonging to 4 subfamilies were determined. The distribution of the determined species and subspecies in Turkey is given. As a result of the study, 22 species and subspecies with this species were recorded for the first time from Ankara.

The aim of this study was to determine the acrylamide level of fried potatoes, peppers, eggplant and zucchini, and to examine the effect different order of vegetables on the acrylamide level of other vegetables in consecutive frying sessions. In this study, in which four different types of vegetables were fried separately and together with sunflower oil, 52 frying sessions were performed in 13 separate frying groups, analyzing a total of 208 samples in LC-MS MS. The study was carried out at the Eastern Anatolia High Technology Application and Research Center (Erzurum, Turkey) between 20 January and 15 February 2021. Potatoes, peppers, eggplants, and zucchinis were fried consecutively and mean acrylamide levels of they were determined as 1042, 502, 167, and 553 µg kg -1, respectively. Statistically significant results between consecutive frying sessions of all vegetables and acrylamide levels were obtained. The acrylamide levels obtained for all types of vegetables indicate that oil should not be used sequentially. However, there was no difference between the change in the order of vegetables and their acrylamide levels in frying. The results show that the fried foods do not cause an additional load of acrylamide in the oil. More research should be conducted on the effect of consumers culinary practices on acrylamide levels in foods.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of sumac, yeast, and onion supplementation to broiler chicken feeds on performance. Four hundred and fifty, one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were obtained from Yagoo Group Hatchery in Sulaymaniyah Province and were randomly distributed into three treatment groups (150 chicks for each group) with six replicates (each 25 chicks). Chicks were raised on floor cages (210 × 200 × 100 cm). T1 (Feed with 0 mg kg-1 sumac, yeast, and onion), T2 (Feed with 10, 2 and 20 mg kg-1 sumac, yeast, and onion for every day) and T3 (Feed with 10, 2 and 20 mg kg-1 sumac, yeast, and onion for 2 days added and 2 days free in the rearing period) experiment groups were constituted. In the study, the effects of the treatments on the performance parameters were found to be statistically significant. In body weight, the highest group in terms of total body weght gain and total feed intake was T3, and it was significantly higher than T2 and control groups (p<0.001). Again, T2 was found to be significantly higher in terms of these parameters compared to the control group (p<0.001). In total, the feed conversion rate (FCR) was found to be statistically significant. While T3 had a similar FCR (1.50) to the control group, it was significantly lower (p<0.001) compared to T2 (1.68). In general, the treatments were found to have a positive effect on performance parameters.

This study was carried out to determine the species belonging to the order Hymenoptera in organic cherry (Prunus avium L.) orchards in Artuklu and Yesilli districts of Mardin province, Turkey. The study was carried out in 6 orchards once a week between May and October 2017. The wine fattening trap method was used for the collection of insect species. As a result of the study, 6 species and 3 subspecies from 5 families belonging to the superfamilies Apoidea and Vespoidea (Hymenoptera) were determined. These are Vespula germanica (Fabricius, 1793), Polistes bucharensis Erichson, 1849, Eustenancistrocerus amadanensis amadanensis (de Saussure, 1856), Euodynerus disconotatus disconotatus (Lichtenstein, 1884) from Vespidae, Halictus sp. and Lasioglossum sp. from Halictidae, Osmia caerulescens (Linnaeus, 1758) from Megachilidae, Andrena sp. from Andrenidae and Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758) from Apidae. It was determined that A. mellifera and V. germanica were more common and intense than other species. In addition, 5 of the identified species are the first record for Mardin province fauna.

The trial aimed to study the effects of different levels of humic acid on the antioxidant activity of garden thyme. The study was conducted at the experimental fields of the Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, West Azerbaijan, Iran, and used randomized complete block design with four replications. Three different humic acid doses; 200 kg ha-1, 400 kg ha-1 and 600 kg ha-1, and control with no humic acid were the treatments. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl 2-picryl hydroxyl) radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, and chain-breaking activity were determined. According to the results, the effect of different levels of humic acid in the first harvest on total flavonoid content and nitric oxide radical scavenging was significant whereas, in the second harvest, total phenols content, total flavonoids content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and chain-breaking activity were significant. The maximum total phenolic content, and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity were obtained in the control treatment. The highest total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and chain-breaking activity were obtained in the application of 400 kg ha-1 and 600 kg ha-1 humic acid.

In the study, determination of the optimal conditions for anthocyanin extraction from the dried fruit of barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) was aimed. For this purpose, the solvent extraction method was used. The present investigation was carried out to different extraction conditions such as different solvents (ethanol and 2% hydrochloric acid, 2% acetic acid and 2% citric acid), the concentration of ethanol (20-80%), the concentration of suitable acid (1-4%), extraction temperature (30-60 oC), extraction time (60-240 min) and raw material and solvent ratio (1:5-1:20). The obtained extract was subjected to total phenolic content and antioxidant activity using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. The optimum condition for anthocyanin extraction from barberry extract was as follows: using 80% ethanol and 2% citric acid (100:10) as a solvent, the extraction temperature was 30 oC, extraction time was 120 min and the rate of fruit/solvent ratio was 1:20. In these conditions, the total anthocyanin content, the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were determined as 101.03±1.89 mg 100g-1 FW, 3269.05±111.11 mg gallic acid kg-1 and 92.41±0.25%, respectively. Antioxidant activity of barberry (B. vulgaris L.) extracts has been attributed to the high polyphenol content.

With this study, it was aimed to scientifically detect the weeds that pose a problem in the meadow-pasture areas of Mus province. For this purpose, field studies were carried out in 37 meadow pasture areas in Mus province. The information such as location, habitat, and altitude of the plant samples collected as a result of the field studies was recorded. For the identification of plant taxa, "Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands" has been used. The determined taxa were evaluated at the species level, and the damage patterns of weed species were categorized according to the relevant literature. As a result of this study, 211 weed species belonging to 22 families were determined throughout the Mus province. The families with the most taxa were Asteraceae (50 species), Lamiaceae (36 species), Cyperaceae (21 species), and Ranunculaceae (18 species). Damage patterns of each weed species were determined in meadow pasture areas. As a result, it has been determined that harmful species are dense in some areas. Among the most important reasons for this is early spring grazing, uncontrolled and over-capacity grazing can be counted.

Protea (Protea cynaroides L.) is one of the most important ornamental plants commercially cultivated in Turkey and other parts of the world. In May 2017, protea plants heavily showed wilting symptoms were obtained from the protea growing areas at Hatay province of Turkey. Brown vascular tissue in the stems of the infected plants was observed. To determine the causal agent of the disease, necrotic tissue pieces taken from diseased plants were surface-sterilized with 10% sodium hypochlorite, two times rinsed with sterile distilled water, placed on Petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 24 oC for seven days. Microconidia were no septate, ovoid, hyaline, single-celled, and 9 to 12 × 1 to 3 µm. Macroconidia were slightly curved, four to six septate, and 27 to 31 × 3 to 5 µm. Based on the morphology and cultural features, the fungus was identified as F. incarnatum, which belongs to the F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC). In addition, a pathogenicity test was made using the apple fruits. The pathogen was re-isolated from inoculated apple fruits and both cultural and morphological characteristics of the pathogen were identical. To confirm the identity of one representative isolate, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region including 5.8S rDNA was amplified and sequenced with primers of ITS-1 and ITS-4. Fusarium MLST, Fusarium-ID and GenBank database were used for the identification of sequence. The amplified 465 bp product has 99% nucleotide identity with the sequences of F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex of MLST types and deposited in GenBank under accession number (MH005097). According to the literature, this is the first molecular identification of F. incarnatum on protea plants in Turkey.

Covid-19, which started in China and affected all countries in the world in a short time, spread rapidly among people and caused serious losses of lives. This global pandemic has not only been effective on human health but has also brought a new economic and social order to the world. In Turkey, the impact of the pandemic reached critical dimensions in time, especially in the health sector, as well as in the agriculture and industry sectors. The purpose of this research is to comparatively evaluate consumer preferences for agricultural and food products during and before the Covid-19 period. The material of the research consists of the data obtained from 384 consumers residing in the urban area of Samsun. The results of the research showed that the ranking of the most important criteria related to agricultural and food products such as expiration date, price, brand, production date, and company name during the pandemic did not change compared to the pre-epidemic period, but the importance of the criteria increased. According to the results of the research, the highest consumption increase was in garlic with 57.1% compared to the pre-pandemic period, followed by bulgur (45.8%) and carrots (42.3%). It has been determined that the most effective factors in purchasing agricultural and food products during the pandemic period are price reductions (49.7%) and experience with the purchased product (28.1%). The fact that price reductions are taken into account when purchasing agricultural and food products show that economic concerns are still a determining criterion for consumers during the pandemic period.

According to the Expropriation Law, the value of the land is determined based on the income obtained from the land. On the income approach, one of the two factors that determine the value of the land is net income and the other is the capitalization rate. Due to the errors in the expert reports, different results are obtained in the value of the land than it should be. Lower or higher determination of a land value can result in more court cases, delays in investments, the considerable disadvantage of owners, and loss of public confidence in the expropriation process. The main data of the article consists of the information obtained by 180 appraiser reports on land valuation. In this paper, mistakes and deficiencies of expert reports are identified, and technical and legal solutions are proposed. It is expected that this paper will be a reference for individuals and institutions, particularly for experts involved in report preparation.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of salicylic acid (SA) treatment against white mould disease (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) (SS) disease in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plant. In this study, two lettuce cultivars (Melina and Fuzila) were used and four treatments were applied to the plants (control, SS, SA, and +SA+SS treatments). Weight (g), the number of marketable leaf per plant, the number of non-marketable leaf per plant, leaf ratio (%), relative water content (%), chlorophyll parameters (chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll (mg 100g-1), colour parameters (L, a and b) and disease severity (%) were determined. According to the results, SA treatment increased the weight (563.65 g plant-1 for cv. Melina and 574.67 g plant-1 for cv. Fuzila) and number of marketable leaves (26.83 leaf per plant for cv. Melina and 31.33 leaf per plant for cv. Fuzila) whereas it decreased the number of non-marketable leaves (8.66 leaf per plant for cv. Melina and 6.67 leaf per plant for cv. Fuzila) in both cultivars. Besides, it was found that SA treatment reduced disease severity by 19% and 14% for cv. Melina and cv. Fuzila, respectively. Total chlorophyll contents ranged from 0.421 mg 100g-1 to 0.484 mg 100g-1 for Melina and 0.467 mg 100g-1 to 0.593 mg 100g-1 for Fuzila cvs. These results demonstrated that there was an increasing tendency due to SA applications for the total chlorophyll content in all cultivars. Consequently, it has been determined that SA treatment is effective and can be used against white mold disease in lettuce plants.

The aim of this study was to determine the situation of sheep breeds bred in eight provinces in the Mediterranean Region with the data of 2021, taking into account the yield direction, tail type, and origin. The experimental material consists of the data for the year 2021 on the Livestock Information Processing System (HAYBIS) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of the Republic of Turkey. The total sheep number in the Mediterranean Region is 3599932 heads and a total of 48 sheep breeds are raised in eight provinces. The province with the highest number of sheep breeds is Antalya (36) while the lowest value belongs to Osmaniye (27). The province with the highest total sheep presence in the region is Mersin with 748840 head. Culture breed milk-type sheep are generally bred in small numbers. The demand for culture breeds (Suffolk, Dorper, etc.) with meat yield is quite high. In the region, the cold chain application for sheep and goat milk production activities, the inadequacy of milk collection centers, and the weak organization among the sheep breeders create problems for the breeders in this region. As a result, it will be possible for sheep breeders to make profitable production only with an organized structure and sustainable animal production.

The contributions of the structure and functions of the ecosystem to human welfare are defined as ecosystem services. Soils provide a wide range of goods and services called ecosystem services, such as provisioning (e.g., freshwater, wood, food, and fiber), regulating (e.g., climate, erosion, and floods), cultural (e.g., aesthetic or spiritual values) and supporting (e.g., physical support to plants, animals and human infrastructure), important for human well-being and sustainable socio-economic development. Understanding the multifunctional role of soil, which is the central interface between the lithosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, in ecosystem services is extremely important. Soils play an active role in the fulfillment of ecosystem services together with other ecosystems. Ecosystem services are the results of the interaction between multiple ecosystems; therefore, ecosystem services cannot be explained only by soil. The production of food by agricultural activities may only be possible through soil characteristics along with the contribution of climatic variables such as precipitation, sunlight and temperature, and human interventions such as planting or fertilization. Therefore, soils serve as an important ecosystem in the provision of ecosystem services and determine how well some services will be supplied. In this study, the importance of soil, which contributes to human welfare along with other ecosystems, in the realization of ecosystem services has been revealed by compiling the currently published research.

Rhizoctonia solani is a soil- and seed-borne fungus belonging to class basidiomycete and capable of living free and as a saprophyte in the soil. It is divided into 14 anastomosis groups (AGs), which are incompatible with each other in terms of reproduction and proliferation. It has the potential to cause disease in various annual and perennial fruits, vegetables, and industrial and cereal crops. Plant diseases are mostly controlled by cultural methods; however, sometimes chemical control is also employed for this purpose. However, these control methods are mostly insufficient due to the soil-borne and saprophytic nature of the fungus. Therefore, researchers are working on other alternative methods. Biological control is one of the important ones among these methods. Antagonists used in biological control directly interact with R. solani through hyper-parasitism, antibiosis, or competition. Furthermore, antagonists trigger the defense reaction of host plants, which improves the control over the pathogens. The most important fungi species among these antagonists are; Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium spp., Verticillium biguttatum, and Stachybotrys elegans. The most important bacteria species used for the management of R. solani are; Fluoresent pseudomonas, Bacillus spp., Streptomyces spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Erwinia spp. This review is focused on the biology, anastomosis groups, and biological control of R. solani. The antagonists used in biological control and studied mechanisms have been explained with examples. The review has been concluded with the latest developments in the literature.